The ground: one national forest, thirty county forests, a state system built on reservations
Wisconsin’s 1,855,622 federal acres are split among five agencies: the Forest Service with 1,526,808, the Fish and Wildlife Service with 204,533, the National Park Service with 62,465, the Department of Defense with 59,824 and the BLM with 1,992. At 5.3 percent the federal share is small, and almost all of the drivable part of it is the Chequamegon-Nicolet.
That forest is administered as one forest in two zones and five ranger districts: Lakewood-Laona and Eagle River-Florence in the east, and Medford-Park Falls, Great Divide and Washburn in the west, with the supervisor’s office in Rhinelander. The Chequamegon side covers about 858,400 acres in Ashland, Bayfield, Sawyer, Price, Taylor and Vilas counties; the Nicolet side covers nearly 661,400 acres in Florence, Forest, Langlade, Oconto, Oneida and Vilas. Inside the proclamation boundary sit more than 1,200 separate parcels owned by the state, by industry and by private individuals, so the forest map and the ownership map are not the same thing.
The county forest system is the part visitors from other states do not expect. Thirty counties hold more than 2.4 million acres under the County Forest Law, and the statute that governs entry, section 28.11(4)(f), says the general public shall enjoy the privilege of entering those lands for hunting, fishing, trapping and other recreation, subject to whatever regulation lawful authority sets. Each county board writes its own rules, so the ground is public but the terms change at the county line. Across the system the Department of Natural Resources counts more than 9,100 miles of managed snowmobile trail and 1,700 miles of managed ATV trail.
State land is a different proposition again. The Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest runs to over 236,000 acres and more than 900 lakes in Vilas, Oneida and Iron counties, with 14 rustic campgrounds and 505 campsites, all of them reservable. Black River State Forest covers 68,000 acres and carries 34 miles of ATV trail that tie into the Jackson and Clark county systems. Governor Knowles is a 55-mile-long strip of 32,500 wooded acres beside the St. Croix. The Kettle Moraine State Forest holds 30,000 acres in its northern unit and more than 22,000 in the southern. Flambeau River State Forest wraps 75 miles of the two forks of the Flambeau. On the federal side, Apostle Islands National Lakeshore holds 42,308 land acres, of which only 2,568 are on the mainland, and the Fish and Wildlife Service runs the 22,000-acre Horicon refuge and a share of the Upper Mississippi River refuge, which covers more than 240,000 acres over roughly 261 river miles in four states.
Source 1
What a licensed truck may actually drive here
On the national forest the Motor Vehicle Use Map is the law, not a suggestion. Operating a motor vehicle on forest land other than in accordance with the designations on that map is prohibited under 36 CFR 261.13, and the prohibition applies whether or not a sign is present. The legend is worth reading before the trip: some routes are marked "Roads Open to Highway Legal Vehicles Only", meaning vehicles licensed under state law for general road use, and others are trails open only to wheeled vehicles 50 or 65 inches wide. The forest also allows parking up to 30 feet from the edge of the road surface where that can be done safely, which is what makes roadside camping practical.
The named motorized trails are not for a full-size vehicle. Dead Horse Run runs 63 miles from the Camp Loretta trailhead on a tread about 14 feet wide and connects to the Tuscobia State Trail and the Flambeau River State Forest trail. The Flambeau Motorized Trail gives more than 70 miles on the Medford-Park Falls district and is open to ATVs and UTVs 65 inches or less. Perkinstown is 20 miles for the same class plus motorcycles. A four-wheel-drive trail does exist, Trail 55552, the Pipeline 4x4 Challenge Trail on the Lakewood-Laona district in Oconto County, and it is closed to motorized use other than snowmobiles under Forest Order 09-13-25-01 until June 9, 2027.
On state land the default runs the other way. Wisconsin Administrative Code NR 45.05(3)(a) says no vehicle may be operated on lands and waters under department supervision unless its use is specifically authorized by posted notice. That single sentence rules out beach driving, two-track exploring and anything else on a state forest, park, wildlife area or natural area that has not been signed open.
Which leaves the county and town road network, and it is enormous. The 62,310 miles of rural town, township and municipal road and the 19,076 miles of rural county road are the real backcountry here, much of it gravel through county forest. WisDOT’s Rustic Roads System puts a marked, mapped subset of that on the map: 126 roads, about 760 miles, in 61 counties, defined as lightly travelled local access roads, allowed to be dirt, gravel or paved, at least two miles long, with a speed limit fixed by law at 45 mph.
Source 9
The calendar: thaw, fire season, snow
Spring is the season that catches out visitors, and WisDOT explains why. Between December and May state highways here swing between minus 30 and plus 70 degrees Fahrenheit, which is hard on the base under the pavement. The department runs three weight programs in response: a frozen road declaration normally in force from mid-December to late February or early March, Class II road restrictions that typically run from early March until the first or second week in May, and the seasonal posted roads programme from the second week in March until late April or early May. All three apply only to the state highway system. County and township maintenance authorities decide for themselves when their own roads are frozen or thawing and whether to post them, so the gravel you want may be closed to heavy vehicles while the highway beside it is open.
Fire season is short, early and taken seriously. The DNR calls spring the state’s peak fire season, just after the snow leaves and before anything greens up, and it requires a burning permit in its forest fire protection areas any time the ground is not completely snow-covered. Restrictions are published daily and chosen by county, so the answer changes from one county to the next on the same morning. Small fires for warming or cooking do not need a DNR burning permit and are allowed at any hour, except under emergency burning restrictions.
Trail and campground seasons follow the frost. The motorized trails on the national forest run May 1 through March 14. In the state park system, water systems including flush toilets, showers, drinking fountains and dump stations are weather-dependent and may be off from roughly October 1 to May 15. Northern campgrounds open and close on their own dates: Big Lake in the Northern Highland-American Legion runs April 30 to November 1.
Winter itself is a plain fact of the calendar rather than an obstacle to plan around. NOAA records the long-term December to February average for the state at 16.1 degrees Fahrenheit and notes that severe winter storms are a regular occurrence given how close Wisconsin sits to the winter storm track. The state publishes no traction or chain law, so tire choice is left to the driver.
Source 18
One forest, two halves, eleven counties
The Chequamegon-Nicolet covers more than 1.5 million acres across northern Wisconsin, in eleven counties and 65 townships, and the Forest Service manages it as one forest with two zones and five ranger districts. The Chequamegon side is about 858,400 acres in Ashland, Bayfield, Sawyer, Price, Taylor and Vilas counties; the Nicolet side is nearly 661,400 acres in Florence, Forest, Langlade, Oconto, Oneida and Vilas.
What makes it hard to read on the ground is what else sits inside the boundary. The forest counts more than 1,200 separate parcels within its lines owned by the Board of Commissioners of Public Lands, the state, industry and private individuals, and more than 2.5 million acres of other publicly owned property, mostly state and county forest, interspersed around it. A green patch on a road atlas is not a promise about who owns the ground under your tyres.
It is also a working forest, selling about 130 to 150 million board feet of timber a year. That is the reason for the road network you will be driving on, and the reason a road can be busy, rebuilt or gated in a season.
Source 5
Passes and routes
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Great Divide Scenic Byway
29 miles
Glidden and Hayward, across the Chequamegon side of the national forest
WisDOT lists it among the Forest Service designated byways in Wisconsin and gives it as 29 miles between Glidden and Hayward through the Chequamegon National Forest. The Great Divide Ranger District keeps an office at each end. The Chequamegon-Nicolet publishes no page of its own for the byway, so no season or surface is stated here. 17
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Heritage Drive Scenic Byway
15 miles
East of Three Lakes, through the Nicolet side of the national forest
The second of the two Forest Service byways WisDOT names in Wisconsin, given as 15 miles east of Three Lakes through the Nicolet National Forest. As with the Great Divide, the forest publishes no page for it, so its surface and season are left out. 17
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Wisconsin Lake Superior Scenic BywayPaved
70 miles
US 2 near Ashland to County H, on WIS 13
A National Scenic Byway that follows the Lake Superior shore past Bayfield and Cornucopia. WisDOT calls it a 70-mile route; the Federal Highway Administration measures it at 70.44 miles. It crosses the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa reservation and gives the road access to Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. 20
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Great River RoadPaved
250 miles
Prescott to Kieler on WIS 35, beside the Mississippi
An All-American Road and the longest of the designated drives here. WisDOT gives the Wisconsin section as 250 miles along WIS 35 through 33 river towns, part of a route that begins in Minnesota, follows the Mississippi through ten states and ends in New Orleans. The Fish and Wildlife Service’s Upper Mississippi River refuge, more than 240,000 acres over roughly 261 river miles in four states, lies along it. 17
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Lower Wisconsin River RoadPaved
100 miles
Lodi to Bridgeport and Prairie du Chien on WIS 60
A state-designated scenic byway that follows the Wisconsin River through the Driftless country to its mouth. At Prairie du Chien it meets the Great River Road, which makes the pair a natural loop with the Mississippi. 17
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Door County Coastal BywayPaved
Over 66 miles
Sturgeon Bay north to Northport and south to Baileys Harbor and Jacksonport
An All-American Road around the top of the peninsula, beginning a mile north of Sturgeon Bay where WIS 42 and WIS 57 divide. WisDOT calls it over 66 miles; the Federal Highway Administration measures 67.1. It passes three state parks and ten county parks, and the ferry to Washington Island leaves from Northport at the WIS 42 end. 19
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Nicolet-Wolf River Scenic BywayPaved
145 miles
Forest, Langlade, Oneida and Vilas counties on WIS 55, 52, 32 and 70
The longest of the state-designated byways, winding through the Nicolet National Forest and parts of Forest, Langlade, Oneida and Vilas counties. WisDOT names it for the forest and for the Wolf River, a National Scenic River, and points to the extensive multi-use trail systems along it. 17
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The Rustic Roads System
126 roads, about 760 miles
61 Wisconsin counties
A state programme rather than a single drive, and the closest thing Wisconsin has to a published backroad network. WisDOT defines a Rustic Road as a lightly travelled local access road, requires at least two miles of it, allows dirt, gravel or paved surface, and fixes the speed limit by law at 45 mph. The department publishes a map and a route book of all 126. 16
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Dead Horse Run Motorized Trail
63 miles
Camp Loretta trailhead to the Tuscobia State Trail and the Flambeau River State Forest trail
The longest motorized trail on the national forest. Most of the tread is about 14 feet wide, some sections sit on wet soils and hold standing water, and the Forest Service tells riders to bring extra fuel, tools and a tow strap because fuel is hard to find along it. Town roads open to ATVs and UTVs link it to nearby towns. Non-residents need a Wisconsin trail pass. 11
- Vehicle
- ATVs and UTVs. Check the Great Divide motor vehicle use map for the classes allowed
- Season
- May 1 through March 14
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Flambeau Motorized Trail
More than 70 miles
The Park Falls unit of the Medford-Park Falls Ranger District, in Price County
A year-round multi-use system that follows snowmobile trails across the length and width of the Park Falls unit. Sailor Lake Campground has trail access straight from the campsite, and Smith Rapids is a short hike from the trail beside the Smith Rapids Covered Bridge, which the Forest Service calls the only glue-laminated town lattice covered bridge in Wisconsin. Four trailheads carry a $5 recreation use fee, waived for registered campers, and services on the trail are scarce. 12
- Vehicle
- ATVs and UTVs 65 inches or less, dirt bikes, horses and mountain bikes
- Season
- May 1 to March 14, then snowmobiles when conditions allow
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Perkinstown Motorized Trail
20 miles
The Chippewa Recreation Area on Chequamegon Waters to a WIS 64 trailhead west of Medford
A two-way trail over rolling ground, wooden bridges, beaver ponds and red pine plantation on the Medford side. The WIS 64 trailhead is 14 miles west of Medford; the Chippewa end is reached by WIS 13 and County M. Both carry a $5 day use fee, or the forest’s $30 annual pass. 13
- Vehicle
- ATVs and UTVs 65 inches or less and motorcycles, plus snowmobiles in winter
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Meyers Beach Road, Apostle Islands mainland
WIS 13 about five miles east of Cornucopia to the mainland sea caves trailhead
The one stretch of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore a vehicle can reach and use. The park holds 42,308 land acres but only 2,568 of them on the mainland, in a 12-mile strip of shoreline; the 21 islands are reachable only by water. Little Sand Bay, 13 miles north of Bayfield, is the other mainland access, and its visitor center is closed through 2026 for marina work. 44
- Vehicle
- Any vehicle up to 45 feet, the limit for the parking lot
-
Natural History Auto TourPaved
Eagle River to Three Lakes on US 45
The forest’s own self-guided drive on the Nicolet side, heading north out of Eagle River on US Highway 45 and finishing at Three Lakes. It is the gentlest introduction to a forest whose real road network is gravel and unsigned, and it works in any vehicle. 15
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Northern Highland-American Legion forest roads
The largest property in the state system: over 236,000 acres with more than 900 lakes inside its boundary, across Vilas, Oneida and Iron counties. The road network exists to reach water, which is the organising idea of the whole northern third of Wisconsin. Fourteen rustic campgrounds sit on it. 32
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Black River State Forest roads
A 68,000-acre forest on the sand country between Eau Claire and the Wisconsin Dells, where the state released elk in 2015 and 2016 and they have stayed. The terrain is low sandstone bluffs and jack pine, and the forest roads are the sandiest driving in the state outside a designated trail. 34
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Black River ATV and UTV trails
34 miles
The forest carries 34 miles of ATV trail that link into the Jackson and Clark county systems, which is how the county forests work everywhere in Wisconsin: each property is a piece of a network rather than a destination. A plated truck is not eligible for any of it, and this guide names it so you know what the signs mean, not as a route to drive. 35
- Vehicle
- Registered ATVs and UTVs, not full-size vehicles
-
Governor Knowles State Forest
55 miles long
A long, narrow forest of 32,500 wooded acres following the St. Croix on the Minnesota line, with three campgrounds and nine primitive backpack campsites in it. Its shape is the point: almost everything is within a short walk of the river, and the roads run to landings rather than through the forest. 36
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Flambeau River State Forest
The forest surrounds 75 miles of the North and South Forks of the Flambeau River across Sawyer, Price and Rusk counties, and the Flambeau Motorized Trail runs off it. It is the most remote-feeling driving in the state that is not on the national forest. 37
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Kettle Moraine Northern Unit
The first and largest unit of the Kettle Moraine: 30,000 acres of rolling wooded hills and prairie left by the ice, with over 350 campsites. It is the closest thing to backcountry within reach of Milwaukee, which means the sites go early and the vehicle admission sticker is checked. 38
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Kettle Moraine Southern Unit
More than 22,000 acres of forested glacial hills, kettle lakes and prairie, laced with over 100 miles of trail for mountain biking, horseback riding, hiking and nature walking. The trails are not motorised; the interest for a vehicle is the road network between them and the camping at either end. 39
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Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway
The riverway’s own pages give two figures on one page, over 200 miles of clean water and two hundred and forty miles of pristine river, and both are the park’s. What matters to a driver is that the access is a series of landings and campground roads off the highways on both banks, not a road along the river. 45
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The only Corps of Engineers project in this guide’s Wisconsin list: a 644-acre project at Spring Valley that includes the 144-acre Lake George, with the Highland Ridge Campground and an equestrian campground on it. In a state where state park sites are fully reservable and go early, a Corps campground is worth knowing about. 49
Rules worth knowing
- Dispersed camping on the national forest: 21 days, then a road mile away
- Forest Order 09-13-25-02 sets the occupancy rules and they are specific. Dispersed camping in the same location for more than 21 days in a 28-day period is prohibited, and within that 28 days the next camp must be at least one road mile from the last. Camping at a developed recreation site for more than 14 consecutive days is prohibited, after which the party leaves the campground for at least 24 hours. Tent campers stay a minimum of 150 feet from the edge of any trail or forest road, and the forest asks for 200 feet from water. Violation is a Class B misdemeanour carrying a fine of up to five thousand dollars for an individual. 8
- The national forest charges for day use
- A five dollar day-use envelope covers a day at the fee sites; an annual forest pass is thirty dollars and runs 1 April to 31 March rather than by calendar year. It is easy to arrive assuming a national forest is free, park at a trailhead and be wrong by a small margin, which is the kind of mistake that sours a trip for no good reason. 10
- One four-wheel drive trail is closed into 2027
- Forest Order 09-13-25-01 closed Trail 55552, the Pipeline 4x4 Challenge Trail in the Lakewood-Laona Ranger District of Oconto County, to motorised use other than snowmobiles from 4 June 2025 until 9 June 2027, to protect the integrity of a high pressure natural gas pipeline beneath it. Orders like this are how a route disappears from a state with few of them, and they are published as alerts rather than shown on the map. 14
- Remote camping means walking, and leaving the vehicle behind
- The department allows remote primitive backpack camping on some northern forest properties under a permit system, and states the terms plainly: the permit holder hikes in at least one mile to the camping location, and no vehicles or trailers are allowed. There is no version of this that involves sleeping in or beside the vehicle, which is the distinction that matters for anyone planning a Wisconsin trip around dispersed camping. 26
- Overnight parking has an outer limit of 48 hours
- A vehicle left in a department parking lot for more than 48 hours without notice may be considered abandoned. Arrive while the property is open, generally 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. although hours vary by property, and tell someone if the vehicle is staying while you are not with it. This is the rule that catches people who leave a truck at a trailhead and walk in for three nights. 27
- Burning permits track the snow, not the calendar
- Burning permits are required in department forest fire protection areas to burn legal materials whenever the ground is not completely snow-covered. Small fires for warming or cooking do not require a permit and are allowed at any time of day, except during emergency burning restrictions. Spring is the state’s peak fire season and when most restrictions are in force, and the daily restrictions are published county by county, so the county you are in is the thing to check. 31
- The county forests are open by statute
- Access to the 2.4 million acres of county forest is not a courtesy, it is written into the County Forest Law: the general public shall enjoy the privilege of entering such lands for hunting, fishing, trapping and other recreational pursuits, subject to the regulations and restrictions lawful authority establishes. That sentence is why a state with little federal land still has somewhere to go, and the restrictions clause is why each county’s own rules still have to be read. 23
- An all-terrain vehicle is 900 pounds and 50 inches
- Wisconsin defines an all-terrain vehicle as a commercially designed and manufactured motor-driven device weighing 900 pounds or less without fluids, no more than 50 inches wide measured between the outermost wheel rims, with a straddle seat, a headlight and a tail lamp, travelling on three or more tires. Nothing this guide is written for comes close to that, which is the point: ATV trail mileage is not mileage you can drive. 41
- A utility terrain vehicle is defined by what it fails
- The statutory definition of a utility terrain vehicle turns on a negative: a commercially designed and manufactured motor-driven device that does not meet the federal motor vehicle safety standards in effect on 1 July 2012, is not a golf cart, low-speed vehicle, dune buggy, mini-truck or tracked vehicle, is designed to be used primarily off highway, and weighs 3,500 pounds or less without fluids. A plated truck or van meets those federal standards by law, so it is not a utility terrain vehicle and cannot use a trail signed for one. 42
- A non-resident trail pass is thirty-five dollars and expires in March
- A non-resident needs a trail pass to operate an ATV or UTV on designated corridors unless holding a five-day trail use receipt. It costs thirty-five dollars and expires on 31 March each year regardless of when it was bought, so a machine trailered up in February buys the pass twice in two months. Public-use registration is separate again, thirty dollars first time and thirty for a two-year renewal. 29
- Half a million registered machines set the tone
- The department counts over 500,000 registered ATVs and UTVs in Wisconsin, which explains why the signage, the county trail networks and the enforcement are all built around them rather than around full-size vehicles. Read a trail sign here as being about that other traffic, and read the forest road map as the thing that concerns you. 30
- The rustic campgrounds are rustic, and still reservable
- The Northern Highland-American Legion has 14 rustic campgrounds with 505 campsites between them, and every one of those sites is reservable. Rustic in the state system describes the facilities rather than the booking: no hookups and often no running water, but the same reservation screen as everywhere else, and the same competition for a Friday in July. 33
- The Apostle Islands are a boat destination with one road
- The lakeshore covers 42,308 land acres and 27,232 water acres across 21 islands and a 12-mile strip of mainland shore, with 155 miles of shoreline in total. Only 2,568 of those land acres are on the mainland. Every island location is reachable only by water, so a vehicle gets you to Meyers Beach and Little Sand Bay and no further, and the trip beyond that is somebody else’s boat. 43
- The Ice Age Trail is a footpath, not a route
- The Ice Age National Scenic Trail is a 1,200-mile footpath winding across Wisconsin, and it appears on enough maps to be mistaken for something a vehicle can follow. It is not. Where it crosses a forest road you may park and walk; the trail itself carries no vehicles at any point. 46
- Two refuges hold the river country
- The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, established in 1924, now covers more than 240,000 acres along roughly 261 miles of the Mississippi across Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa, with Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1936, inside the same stretch. Refuge ground is day use with its own rules, and on the Wisconsin side it is most of what is public along the river. 47
- Horicon Marsh is two agencies, split two thirds to one
- At more than 33,000 acres Horicon Marsh is one of the largest freshwater marshes in the United States, and it is managed by two different governments. The Fish and Wildlife Service runs the northern two thirds as the 22,000-acre Horicon National Wildlife Refuge; the state runs the southern 11,000 acres as the Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area. The rules differ across that line, so which end you are at decides which agency’s page applies. 48
- Dispersed camping is a national forest privilege here
- Forest Order 09-13-25-02 sets the terms on the Chequamegon-Nicolet. Dispersed camping in the same location for more than 21 days in a 28-day period is prohibited, and the next campsite within that 28 days must be at least one road mile from the last. Dispersed camping within a quarter mile of a developed recreation site is also prohibited, as is staying longer than 14 consecutive days at a developed site, after which the party must leave the campground for at least 24 hours. The forest asks tent campers to stay at least 150 feet from the edge of any trail or forest road and encourages a site 200 feet from water. 7
- On state land you reserve a site or you do not sleep there
- The Wisconsin State Park System takes reservations up to 11 months ahead and requires one before a camping unit is set up on any site. No one may camp or leave a camping unit in a family campground for more than 14 days in any 21. State parks, southern forests and recreation areas are completely reservable with no first-come sites at all; some non-reservable sites remain at northern forests and flowages. The remote primitive camping that does exist on northern forest properties runs on a permit and requires a walk of at least one mile from the road, with no vehicles or trailers allowed at the site. 25
- The vehicle admission sticker is required for stopping, not just for camping
- A vehicle admission pass is required on all motor vehicles stopping in Wisconsin state parks, forests and recreation areas. The DNR prices a 12-month pass at $28 for a vehicle with Wisconsin plates and $50 for one with out-of-state plates, and a daily at $13 and $16. Wisconsin residents aged 65 and over pay $13 for the year or $3 for the day. Overnight parking for backpackers and paddlers is allowed in certain lots, but a vehicle left more than 48 hours without notice to the property office may be treated as abandoned. 24
- The ATV and UTV rules, and why a plated truck is outside them
- Wisconsin registers ATVs and UTVs for public use at $30, valid up to two years, which covers public trails, road routes, frozen waterways and private property. A non-resident who brings a machine needs a $35 trail pass that expires on March 31 each year, or a five-day trail use receipt. None of that reaches a licensed truck or van. The statutory definition of an all-terrain vehicle caps it at 900 pounds without fluids and 50 inches wide with a straddle seat, and a utility terrain vehicle is defined as a device that does not meet the federal motor vehicle safety standards in force on July 1, 2012. A road-legal vehicle is neither, which is also why the ATV trail systems are closed to it. 28
- On DNR land a vehicle needs a posted notice, not the absence of a sign
- Wisconsin Administrative Code NR 45.05(3)(a) states that no vehicle may be operated on lands and waters under the supervision, management or control of the department unless its use is specifically authorized by posted notice. That is the reverse of the rule most western states use, and it applies to state forests, parks, recreation areas, wildlife areas and natural areas alike. On the national forest the test is the Motor Vehicle Use Map instead: operating a motor vehicle other than in accordance with its designations is prohibited under 36 CFR 261.13, whether or not a sign is present. 40
- Spring weight limits close roads the highway map still shows
- WisDOT runs three seasonal weight programmes. The frozen road declaration is normally in force from mid-December to late February or early March. Class II road restrictions typically last from early March until the first or second week in May. The seasonal posted roads programme normally runs from the second week in March until late April or early May. All three cover the state highway system only. County and township maintenance authorities decide when their own roads are frozen or thawing and whether to post them, and questions about a local road go to that authority, not to WisDOT. 18